Among such scholars is the philologist William Jones, whose studies of Indo-European languages established modern philology. Among such scholars were officials of the East India Company, who said that the Arab culture, the Indian culture, and the Islamic cultures should be studied as equal to the cultures of Europe. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the term Orientalist identified a scholar who specialized in the languages and literatures of the Eastern world.
Wallin (1811–1852), a Finnish explorer and orientalist, who was remembered for being one of the first Europeans to study and travel in the Middle East during the 1840s. French painters such as Eugène Delacroix (1798–1863) and Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824–1904) are widely regarded as the leading luminaries of the Orientalist movement. Art historians tend to identify two broad types of Orientalist artist: the realists who carefully painted what they observed and those who imagined Orientalist scenes without ever leaving the studio. As an art movement, Orientalist painting is generally treated as one of the many branches of 19th-century academic art however, many different styles of Orientalist art were in evidence. The formation of the French Orientalist Painters Society changed the consciousness of practitioners towards the end of the 19th century, since artists could now see themselves as part of a distinct art movement. Despite such social disdain for a style of representational art, the French Society of Orientalist Painters was founded in 1893, with Jean-Léon Gérôme as the honorary president whereas in Britain, the term Orientalist identified "an artist". In that time, artists and scholars were described as Orientalists, especially in France, where the dismissive use of the term "Orientalist" was made popular by the art critic Jules-Antoine Castagnary. In art history, the term Orientalism refers to the works of mostly 19th-century Western artists who specialized in Oriental subjects, produced from their travels in Western Asia, during the 19th century. In In Place of Fear (1952), Aneurin Bevan used an expanded denotation of the Orient that comprehended East Asia: "the awakening of the Orient under the impact of Western ideas." Edward Said said that Orientalism "enables the political, economic, cultural and social domination of the West, not just during colonial times, but also in the present." Art In the " Monk's Tale" (1375), Geoffrey Chaucer wrote: "That they conquered many regnes grete / In the orient, with many a fair citee." The term orient refers to countries east of the Mediterranean Sea and Southern Europe. yet the denotation changed as a term of geography. The root word oriēns, from the Latin Oriēns, has synonymous denotations: The eastern part of the world the sky whence comes the sun the east the rising sun, etc. The word Orient entered the English language as the Middle French orient. Orientalism refers to the Orient, in reference and opposition to the Occident the East and the West, respectively. The Hypaethral Temple of Philae by David Roberts, 1838, in The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia Etymology This allows Western imagination to see "Eastern" cultures and people as both alluring and a threat to Western civilization.
Implicit in this fabrication, writes Said, is the idea that Western society is developed, rational, flexible, and superior. In Said's analysis, the West essentializes these societies as static and undeveloped-thereby fabricating a view of Oriental culture that can be studied, depicted, and reproduced in the service of imperial power. Since the publication of Edward Said's Orientalism in 1978, much academic discourse has begun to use the term "Orientalism" to refer to a general patronizing Western attitude towards Middle Eastern, Asian, and North African societies. In particular, Orientalist painting, depicts the Middle East, and it was one of the many specialties of 19th-century academic art, and the literature of Western countries was influenced by a similar interest in Oriental themes. These depictions are usually made by writers, designers, and artists from the Western world. In art history, literature and cultural studies, Orientalism is the imitation or depiction of aspects of the Eastern world. Eugène Delacroix, The Women of Algiers, 1834, the Louvre, Paris
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